The First Modern Political Philosophers - 1839 Words

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are viewed as the first modern political philosophers. Both philosophers used their personal views as a means to develop their theories of human nature, the origin of the state, the nature of government, and the right of revolution. The two philosophers contributed to many fields: politics, governance, and the lives of individuals. Due to their different approaches to the same points, they differed on the views of human nature, the right of revolution, and the nature of governments. Their views on human nature influenced their philosophies on the theory of government. Owning to their different outlooks, Hobbes and Locke looked at the theory of nature differently. Thomas Hobbes believed that people of the state†¦show more content†¦In addition, the threat of punishment will help reinforce obedience to the laws. Therefore, Hobbes believed that without common power, people would always be at war with one another. Unlike Hobbes, Locke had a differen t approach concerning the state of nature. According to Locke, the law of nature forbids people from doing harm to others. This law protects the life, health and liberty of other people. He defines the law of nature as one that governs the state of nature. In addition, Locke introduces a supreme being concerning laws of nature and rights of nature. Locke writes, â€Å"Nothing was made by God for man to spoil or destroy† (Locke, 35). Therefore, humans have no right to deny anther persons chance to live; it is solely up to God because it was through God’s orders that people were sent to the world. Also, God gave everyone a conscious that will help him or her deem moral truths, and the conscious will help people not harm others. In addition, the natural rights entitle an individual the right to one’s own property and body (Locke, 47). Being that, a government is therefore needed to enforce the natural rights, which both Locke and Hobbes agree upon. Furthermore, Loc ke thought that most of the time men are capable of keeping their promises and honoring their obligations. He believed this view because their state of nature is good and peaceful. Also, those with a dangerous human nature will suffer the imposition ofShow MoreRelatedThe Reformation And Its Impact On The Early Modern Period1622 Words   |  7 Pagesevent in the early modern period that launched Europe into a massive conflict of widespread violence, through both political and religious factors. The political scene had remained very much the same before the beginning of the reformation in 1517, with many philosophers sharing similar ideas on how to handle the issues of sovereignty and private property. 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The plan to gather knowledge for thisRead MoreJohn Locke And John Stuart Mill s On Liberty Essay1200 Words   |  5 PagesPolitical Philosophers over time have developed their own conceptions of liberty and the relationship of individuals to not only society, but also the state. Political Philosophers such as, Aristotle and Plato have more of an ancient conception of liberty and the role the individual plays in society and to the state. Whereas, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and John Stuart Mill have developed a more modernized conception of liberty and the role of the individual to the state and society. Plato’s workRead MoreComparing Twentieth Century Political Thought Leo Strauss And Richard Rorty1421 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction When it comes to an analysis of twentieth century political thought Leo Strauss and Richard Rorty are two indispensable figures. 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Aristotle and Plato had differentRead MoreAge Of Reason And The Scientific Revolution1089 Words   |  5 Pageslate 1700s. This can be categorized into two different time periods. First, was the Scientific Revolution when many scholars created new ways of thinking about the natural world. The Scientific Revolution ended around the late 1600s. Although this time period was over, common ideas spread to the next period. The second time period in the Age of Reason was the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was when scholars and philosophers started to reevaluate old aspects of society and ho w it functions. Read MoreEssay on Explaining Political Philosophy744 Words   |  3 PagesExplaining Political Philosophy Political philosophy, or political theory, as it is also known, is about human condition, or, what humans are like. There are roughly four main kinds of political philosophy around today-Libertarianism, Socialism, Liberalism and Communitarianism. 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Symbolism, Imagery, and Theme Compared Through the Stories...

Symbolism, Imagery, and Theme Compared Through the Stories â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† dark symbols and tones shape the plot, which allows man’s inhumanity to man, as a theme, to be expected. Both authors use imagery to allow readers to paint a picture of each setting in their mind. Also, each author adds in many symbols to make a concrete object into an abstract idea. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† written by Edgar Allan Poe and â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† written by James Hurst symbols, imagery, and the theme of man’s inhumanity to man are used to uniquely explain each story line. As the plot of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† unravel, both authors†¦show more content†¦When Doodle becomes weak one afternoon during a thunderstorm, Brother being selfish decides to run as fast and as far as he could away from him. â€Å"The knowledge that Doodle’s and my plans had come to naught was bitter, and that strength of cruelty within me awakened.† (Hurst 563) In this part of the short story, the reader can tell that Brother had taken on a cruel personality, which he would later learn to regret. â€Å"One day I took [Doodle] up to the barn loft and showed him his casket, telling him how we believed he would die.† (Hurst 557). Brother admits he was cruel to Doodle and now proves it when he forces Doodle to touch his own casket, threatening to leave him in the loft if he did not. Though Brother was cruel to Doodle, nothing he did could compare to the brutality Montresor inflicted on Fortunato. The anger and jealousy Montresor shared with Fortunato causes him to act in such a way unacceptable by the general public. â€Å"A moment more and I had fettered him to the granite.† (Poe 9). This scene shows how unaware Fortunato was and how Montresor took advantage of his drunken state. As the night grows on, Montresor starts to taunt him. â€Å"’Pass your hand,’ I said, ‘over the wall; you cannot help feeling the niter,’† (Poe 9) Fortunato has still not caught on to Montresor’s plan, and that Montresor is hinting at it. The niter pulls at Fortunato’s lungs causing him to wheeze and gag. The vindictiveness Montresor shares with Fortunato does not compare to

Social Exclusion and Disability Free Essays

The convention to give right to disable ppl should be supported with capacity building on different levels in the government as well as the private sector. it is estimated that a large number of women in Pakistan are having various forms of disability. â€Å"In our society women are already considered weak and disability adds to their woes,women having disability in our country is considered as â€Å"double disability†. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Exclusion and Disability or any similar topic only for you Order Now steps il be taken for anti discrimination of disabled ppl.. n swat A large group of disabled persons staged a protest in Mingora on Thursday over government’s alleged indifference towards ensuring their rights. govt promised to give faculties like job opportunity to disability card holder issued by the National Database and Registration Authority. However 2 years have passed but nothing was done. these disable ppl wanted to stand on thr own feet and earn there living but they werent provided wid job opportunites or equal right to receive education. ocational centres were demanded where they can learn some practical skills. they said that there are not being but askng govt of pakistan to strt a realistic programme,which enables us to learn,work and earn. Some people from the government agree that government is not successful in providing the disable people with their rights. They agree that people have equal right as they are also part of the society,they agree that disable pe ople are not considered prefect for the society ,if given chance they will prove capable to be fit in society. Special Persons Development Association president Mr Daudzai said his organisation would continue fighting for the rights of the disabled persons. He said physically challenged persons were contributing their due share to national development and progress by serving in many private and public sector institutions. also stated that, disable are not given facilities as given by other countries. UN adopted â€Å"Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2006† to make legal framework for providing PWDs equal opportunities in every sphere of life. Pakistan being signatory to this convention had taken a number of steps to facilitate such persons. â€Å"Disabled Persons’ (Employment and Rehabilitation) Ordinance fixed the responsibility of the State toward the prevention of disabilities; protection of of persons with disabilities; and provision of medical care, education, training, employment, and rehabilitation to the persons with disabilities. rights How to cite Social Exclusion and Disability, Essay examples

Organizational Behaviour for Relying on Stereotypes- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Behaviour for Relying on Stereotypes. Answer: Benefits of relying on stereotypes An oversimplified image or a set of characteristics in which a relative number of people have faith in. it can also be referred as a widely accepted thought about a particular type of behaviour of an individual. The personal characteristics of an individual are not involved rather it assumes the random facts about a person due to his/her presence in certain group. There exists two stereotypes one is positive and the other one is negative, both can play adverse effect in persons life. The range of impact is related to the reliance of an individual. If talking about an organisation stereotyping helps the manager in treating all the employees in a specific way (Cresswell and Sheikh, 2013). There are certain diversity factors that play an important role in stereotyping like the culture, ethnicity, age, gender and religion. Stereotyping is useful in an organisation as there are various employees from different culture so to ensure that no mistake is done by negatively hurting some relatio n. The strong reliance on stereotyping negatively affects the culture of the company which can future causes clashes between the employees. This essay basically emphases on the impact in the corporation due to stereotyping (Lamont, Swift and Abrams, 2015). In todays era, every organisation requires expertise employees so they hire employees who are talented. In order to hire brilliant employees organisation hire from all over the world. The human resources department focuses on hiring the employees who are more talented. The human resource team focuses on creating positive working environment in the organisation than removes the inequalities from the workplace (Lottrup, Grahn and Stigsdotter, 2013). This emphasis on building various theories that will help the employees to work together by ignoring the discrimination on the basis of culture, religion and gender. Organisation behaviour reflects the way in which an individual communicate with each other. They work according to the human resource policies designed for the organisation. In case of multinational companies they are dealing with people from different culture this is possible only because the managers are following the approach of stereotyping. Thus it is very important to take diversity management into the consideration as the employees are from different background. Stereotyping is beneficial but it has negative impact as well (Hyde, Harris and Boaden, 2013). Certain limitations of stereotyping may result in making customers dissatisfied or sad by their work. This reflects the growth of the company in negative manner as it affects the productivity. If there is no proper diverse management in the firm it can lead to disputes between employees. Disputes directly affects the productivity of an origination thus to maintain the performance of the company a proper plan should be designed. It is not always good to interact with employees of same culture but if one needs to expand the productivity they should area the stereotypes and should interact with employees of all culture. This will be beneficial for an individual as well as organisation (Lyons and Kuron, 2014). For any modern corporation effective diversity plan need to be developed, so that competitive advantages could be used. For example, in any multinational company they promote its policies among all employees and the human resources department make sure that these policies are follo wed and equality is maintained (Von Hippel, Sekaquaptewa and McFarlane, 2015) . Sometimes it is difficult to keep employees of totally different culture as they create controversies in an organisation. This can be resolved by building strong diversity policies and treat all the employees from different culture equally. There are numerous advantages of using stereotype culture in an organisation as it helps the manger to create positive environment in the company as well as among employees. They take several steps, first by promising them not to make any remarks that would hurt their culture or emotions. Secondly knowing about each employees background will help manager to have a freely conversation with the employees after understanding their customs. Also, by dealing with the employees from different country serotyping is beneficial as it helps in understanding their point of view. People from different cultures follow different rules and regulations (Lachman, 2015). Like any employee from China as its priority of being on time. They focus on punctuality as the main component as being late in their company is treated as cancelation of the deal. Similarly, different countries have different rules hence stereotyping can resolve this issue as they understand the bio diversities in culture. They also help the manager in finding all the missing data regarding the person. Additionally it helps in organising to arrange all the information in a pre-defined sequence. It was observed that all the stereotypes are based on the fact that they have certain errors that lead to misbehaviour in an organisation. Various stereotypes categories are defined by an organisation but it is difficult to assure that an employee would fit in a predefined category because every person has different personality and behaviour (Duguid and Thomas-Hunt, 2015). Thus if a manager is completely relying on the categories defined then he/ she might interpret wrong information about the employee. Thus stereotyping somewhere makes the situation more diplomatic as it is difficult for a manger to change the belief about an employee. If a manger uses all types of stereotyping at the workplace it will create conflicts in the environment. Manger need to take proper actions against the negative stereotyping otherwise it will reflect harmful impact on the employees. If there is negativity in the environment it will somewhere affect the working capacity of the employees. Thus a proper team work is required in an organisation to avoid negativity. Considering a case in an organisation where gender inequality exists, male employees do not ask women to solver certain issue as he thinks she is incapable or peruse less knowledge (Dolan, 2014). This would affect the performance of womens by decreasing the confidence. Other issue with stereotyping is that it demotivates the individual by lowering the morale that makes the working environment toxic. If a person works with low morale the productivity of an organisation decreases and it is very difficult for a manager to motivate them to get the desired output (Wood, et. al, 2012). There are various theories in an organisation discussing about the theory of equality to that motivates a person to perform good and achieve productive output. According to the stereotypes the department head can differentiate two employees according to their behaviours and provide opportunities related to them. On the other hand, discriminating an employee from other create a negative environment at the workplace (Andersson, Jackson and Russell, 2013). Another policy that is employee to employee policy provides basic amenities to every employee. This includes all the safety measures as well as social needs of an employee by focusing on steps to enhance the self-esteem of an individual. Using stereotype technique creates difficulty for the manager in fulfilling the relatedness needed by an employee. Constantly differentiating employees on the basis of stereotypes have adverse effect on employees which in turn degrades the performance of staffs. Thus to avoid this misconception following steps need to be undertaken at the workplace that would help employees to work in a positive environment by overlooking the issues of diversity. This could be done by building policies that do not support stereotype environment or treating employees unequally. Apart from the organisational policies, the government of each country has designed various laws regarding inequality or discrimination on the basis of age, sex or disability in an employee. Organisations should make sure that these policies are followed to avoid the diverse culture at the work place (Alter, et. al, 2010). On the other hand training sessions should be organised by expertise from mangers as well as employees to provide them knowledge about the all religions and meeting should be conducting between people of different culture so that they get to know each other and avoid stereotyping. Strict feedback should be taken to ensure that everyone respect each other at the workp lace by removing the differences caused due to adverse culture. It can be concluded that serotyping has both advantages and disadvantages in an organisation as it promotes to avoid the diverse culture at the workplace. They assure to create a positive environment and removing the gap between employees caused due to different culture. It is beneficial as it helps in organising the information of employees in a defined manner. There are many restrictions of stereotyping in an organisation that may result in creating a deadly environment at the workplace. It endorses discrimination in the workplace which degrades the performance of an employee. Stereotyping act as barrier for mangers as it becomes difficult for them to motivate the employees and increase their productivity. In this report various ways are discussed to remove stereotyping by creating policies and rules. These policies assist supervisors to avoid stereotyping by creating a positive working environment, which in turn promotes and supports diversity among employees. References Alter, A.L., Aronson, J., Darley, J.M., Rodriguez, C. and Ruble, D.N. (2010) Rising to the threat: Reducing stereotype threat by reframing the threat as a challenge.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,46(1), pp.166-171. Andersson, L., Jackson, S.E. and Russell, S.V. (2013) Greening organizational behaviour: An introduction to the special issue.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(2), pp.151-155. Cresswell, K. and Sheikh, A. (2013) Organizational issues in the implementation and adoption of health information technology innovations: an interpretative review.International journal of medical informatics,82(5), pp.e73-e86. Dolan, K. (2014) Gender stereotypes, candidate evaluations, and voting for women candidates: what really matters?Political Research Quarterly,67(1), pp.96-107. Duguid, M.M. and Thomas-Hunt, M.C. (2015) Condoning stereotyping? How awareness of stereotyping prevalence impacts expression of stereotypes.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(2), p.343. Hyde, P., Harris, C. and Boaden, R. (2013) Pro-social organisational behaviour of healthcare workers. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(16), pp. 3115-3130. Lachman, V.D. (2015) Ethical issues in the disruptive behaviours of incivility, bullying, and horizontal/lateral violence.Urologic nursing,35(1), p.39. Lamont, R.A., Swift, H.J. and Abrams, D. (2015) A review and meta-analysis of age-based stereotype threat: Negative stereotypes, not facts, do the damage.Psychology and aging,30(1), p.180. Lottrup, L., Grahn, P. and Stigsdotter, U.K. (2013) Workplace greenery and perceived level of stress: Benefits of access to a green outdoor environment at the workplace.Landscape and Urban Planning,110, pp.5-11. Lyons, S. and Kuron, L. (2014) Generational differences in the workplace: A review of the evidence and directions for future research.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(S1). Von Hippel, C., Sekaquaptewa, D. and McFarlane, M. (2015) Stereotype threat among women in finance: Negative effects on identity, workplace well-being, and recruiting.Psychology of Women Quarterly,39(3), pp.405-414. Wood, J., Zeffane, R., Fromholtz, M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R. and Seet, P.S. (2012)Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. Milton QLD: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd..